Climate and environment
Daylight on the shortest day
Apparent time between sunrise and sunset on the annual shortest day, calculated from the reviewed city latitude using NOAA's documented solar geometry.
- Cities compared
- 178
- Median
- 8.3 hours
- Lowest · Tromsø
- 0.0 hours
- Highest · Limassol
- 9.8 hours
The reference is the median of the 178 cities published here, not a European average. Eurostat's EU aggregates are not collected yet, and deriving one from these cities would invent a figure no source publishes.
Ordered best first
This measure has stated that a higher value is better for a household choosing where to settle, so the order and the colour follow from it. Cities with the same value share a rank. This orders one measure; it is not a ranking of cities.
Every value is published at the same geographic level: Point. Period annual astronomical minimum. Confidence confidence grade A throughout.
- Rank1HeraklionGreece
9.8 hours
Heraklion city point · [1] - Rank1LimassolCyprus
9.8 hours
Limassol city point · [1] - Rank1NicosiaCyprus
9.8 hours
Nicosia city point · [1] - Rank4VallettaMalta
9.7 hours
Valletta city point · [1] - Rank5CataniaItaly
9.6 hours
Catania city point · [1] - Rank5FaroPortugal
9.6 hours
Faro city point · [1] - Rank5GranadaSpain
9.6 hours
Granada city point · [1] - Rank5MálagaSpain
9.6 hours
Málaga city point · [1] - Rank5SevilleSpain
9.6 hours
Seville city point · [1] - Rank10AlicanteSpain
9.5 hours
Alicante city point · [1] - Rank10AthensGreece
9.5 hours
Athens city point · [1] - Rank10LisbonPortugal
9.5 hours
Lisbon city point · [1] - Rank10PatrasGreece
9.5 hours
Patras city point · [1] - Rank14CagliariItaly
9.4 hours
Cagliari city point · [1] - Rank14PalmaSpain
9.4 hours
Palma city point · [1] - Rank14ValenciaSpain
9.4 hours
Valencia city point · [1] - Rank17AveiroPortugal
9.3 hours
Aveiro city point · [1] - Rank17CoimbraPortugal
9.3 hours
Coimbra city point · [1] - Rank17MadridSpain
9.3 hours
Madrid city point · [1] - Rank17ThessalonikiGreece
9.3 hours
Thessaloniki city point · [1] - Rank21BarcelonaSpain
9.2 hours
Barcelona city point · [1] - Rank21BariItaly
9.2 hours
Bari city point · [1] - Rank21BragaPortugal
9.2 hours
Braga city point · [1] - Rank21NaplesItaly
9.2 hours
Naples city point · [1] - Rank21PortoPortugal
9.2 hours
Porto city point · [1] - Rank21ZaragozaSpain
9.2 hours
Zaragoza city point · [1] - Rank27BurgasBulgaria
9.1 hours
Burgas city point · [1] - Rank27PlovdivBulgaria
9.1 hours
Plovdiv city point · [1] - Rank27RomeItaly
9.1 hours
Rome city point · [1] - Rank27VigoSpain
9.1 hours
Vigo city point · [1] - Rank31BilbaoSpain
9.0 hours
Bilbao city point · [1] - Rank31DubrovnikCroatia
9.0 hours
Dubrovnik city point · [1] - Rank31MarseilleFrance
9.0 hours
Marseille city point · [1] - Rank31San SebastiánSpain
9.0 hours
San Sebastián city point · [1] - Rank31SofiaBulgaria
9.0 hours
Sofia city point · [1] - Rank31VarnaBulgaria
9.0 hours
Varna city point · [1] - Rank37FlorenceItaly
8.9 hours
Florence city point · [1] - Rank37MontpellierFrance
8.9 hours
Montpellier city point · [1] - Rank37NiceFrance
8.9 hours
Nice city point · [1] - Rank37SantanderSpain
8.9 hours
Santander city point · [1] - Rank37SplitCroatia
8.9 hours
Split city point · [1] - Rank37ToulouseFrance
8.9 hours
Toulouse city point · [1] - Rank37ZadarCroatia
8.9 hours
Zadar city point · [1] - Rank44BolognaItaly
8.8 hours
Bologna city point · [1] - Rank44BordeauxFrance
8.8 hours
Bordeaux city point · [1] - Rank44BucharestRomania
8.8 hours
Bucharest city point · [1] - Rank44GenoaItaly
8.8 hours
Genoa city point · [1] - Rank44ParmaItaly
8.8 hours
Parma city point · [1] - Rank44TurinItaly
8.8 hours
Turin city point · [1] - Rank50BrașovRomania
8.7 hours
Brașov city point · [1] - Rank50GrenobleFrance
8.7 hours
Grenoble city point · [1] - Rank50LyonFrance
8.7 hours
Lyon city point · [1] - Rank50MilanItaly
8.7 hours
Milan city point · [1] - Rank50OsijekCroatia
8.7 hours
Osijek city point · [1] - Rank50PaduaItaly
8.7 hours
Padua city point · [1] - Rank50RijekaCroatia
8.7 hours
Rijeka city point · [1] - Rank50SibiuRomania
8.7 hours
Sibiu city point · [1] - Rank50TimișoaraRomania
8.7 hours
Timișoara city point · [1] - Rank50TriesteItaly
8.7 hours
Trieste city point · [1] - Rank50VeronaItaly
8.7 hours
Verona city point · [1] - Rank50ZagrebCroatia
8.7 hours
Zagreb city point · [1] - Rank62AnnecyFrance
8.6 hours
Annecy city point · [1] - Rank62BolzanoItaly
8.6 hours
Bolzano city point · [1] - Rank62GenevaSwitzerland
8.6 hours
Geneva city point · [1] - Rank62KlagenfurtAustria
8.6 hours
Klagenfurt city point · [1] - Rank62LausanneSwitzerland
8.6 hours
Lausanne city point · [1] - Rank62LjubljanaSlovenia
8.6 hours
Ljubljana city point · [1] - Rank62LuganoSwitzerland
8.6 hours
Lugano city point · [1] - Rank62MariborSlovenia
8.6 hours
Maribor city point · [1] - Rank62PécsHungary
8.6 hours
Pécs city point · [1] - Rank62SzegedHungary
8.6 hours
Szeged city point · [1] - Rank62TrentoItaly
8.6 hours
Trento city point · [1] - Rank73BernSwitzerland
8.5 hours
Bern city point · [1] - Rank73Cluj-NapocaRomania
8.5 hours
Cluj-Napoca city point · [1] - Rank73GrazAustria
8.5 hours
Graz city point · [1] - Rank73IașiRomania
8.5 hours
Iași city point · [1] - Rank73InnsbruckAustria
8.5 hours
Innsbruck city point · [1] - Rank73LucerneSwitzerland
8.5 hours
Lucerne city point · [1] - Rank73NantesFrance
8.5 hours
Nantes city point · [1] - Rank73ZugSwitzerland
8.5 hours
Zug city point · [1] - Rank73ZurichSwitzerland
8.5 hours
Zurich city point · [1] - Rank82BaselSwitzerland
8.4 hours
Basel city point · [1] - Rank82BudapestHungary
8.4 hours
Budapest city point · [1] - Rank82DebrecenHungary
8.4 hours
Debrecen city point · [1] - Rank82FreiburgGermany
8.4 hours
Freiburg city point · [1] - Rank82SalzburgAustria
8.4 hours
Salzburg city point · [1] - Rank82St. GallenSwitzerland
8.4 hours
St. Gallen city point · [1] - Rank82WinterthurSwitzerland
8.4 hours
Winterthur city point · [1] - Rank89BratislavaSlovakia
8.3 hours
Bratislava city point · [1] - Rank89KošiceSlovakia
8.3 hours
Košice city point · [1] - Rank89LinzAustria
8.3 hours
Linz city point · [1] - Rank89MunichGermany
8.3 hours
Munich city point · [1] - Rank89RennesFrance
8.3 hours
Rennes city point · [1] - Rank89StrasbourgFrance
8.3 hours
Strasbourg city point · [1] - Rank89StuttgartGermany
8.3 hours
Stuttgart city point · [1] - Rank89ViennaAustria
8.3 hours
Vienna city point · [1] - Rank97BrnoCzechia
8.2 hours
Brno city point · [1] - Rank97HeidelbergGermany
8.2 hours
Heidelberg city point · [1] - Rank97KarlsruheGermany
8.2 hours
Karlsruhe city point · [1] - Rank97NurembergGermany
8.2 hours
Nuremberg city point · [1] - Rank97ParisFrance
8.2 hours
Paris city point · [1] - Rank97RegensburgGermany
8.2 hours
Regensburg city point · [1] - Rank97České BudějoviceCzechia
8.2 hours
České Budějovice city point · [1] - Rank97ŽilinaSlovakia
8.2 hours
Žilina city point · [1] - Rank105FrankfurtGermany
8.1 hours
Frankfurt city point · [1] - Rank105KrakówPoland
8.1 hours
Kraków city point · [1] - Rank105Luxembourg CityLuxembourg
8.1 hours
Luxembourg City city point · [1] - Rank105MainzGermany
8.1 hours
Mainz city point · [1] - Rank105OlomoucCzechia
8.1 hours
Olomouc city point · [1] - Rank105OstravaCzechia
8.1 hours
Ostrava city point · [1] - Rank105PlzeňCzechia
8.1 hours
Plzeň city point · [1] - Rank105PragueCzechia
8.1 hours
Prague city point · [1] - Rank105RzeszówPoland
8.1 hours
Rzeszów city point · [1] - Rank114BonnGermany
8.0 hours
Bonn city point · [1] - Rank114KatowicePoland
8.0 hours
Katowice city point · [1] - Rank114LilleFrance
8.0 hours
Lille city point · [1] - Rank114LiègeBelgium
8.0 hours
Liège city point · [1] - Rank118AachenGermany
7.9 hours
Aachen city point · [1] - Rank118AntwerpBelgium
7.9 hours
Antwerp city point · [1] - Rank118BrugesBelgium
7.9 hours
Bruges city point · [1] - Rank118BrusselsBelgium
7.9 hours
Brussels city point · [1] - Rank118CologneGermany
7.9 hours
Cologne city point · [1] - Rank118DresdenGermany
7.9 hours
Dresden city point · [1] - Rank118DüsseldorfGermany
7.9 hours
Düsseldorf city point · [1] - Rank118GhentBelgium
7.9 hours
Ghent city point · [1] - Rank118LeipzigGermany
7.9 hours
Leipzig city point · [1] - Rank118LeuvenBelgium
7.9 hours
Leuven city point · [1] - Rank118LublinPoland
7.9 hours
Lublin city point · [1] - Rank118WrocławPoland
7.9 hours
Wrocław city point · [1] - Rank130CorkIreland
7.8 hours
Cork city point · [1] - Rank130EindhovenNetherlands
7.8 hours
Eindhoven city point · [1] - Rank130NijmegenNetherlands
7.8 hours
Nijmegen city point · [1] - Rank130RotterdamNetherlands
7.8 hours
Rotterdam city point · [1] - Rank130ŁódźPoland
7.8 hours
Łódź city point · [1] - Rank135AmsterdamNetherlands
7.7 hours
Amsterdam city point · [1] - Rank135HanoverGermany
7.7 hours
Hanover city point · [1] - Rank135LeidenNetherlands
7.7 hours
Leiden city point · [1] - Rank135MünsterGermany
7.7 hours
Münster city point · [1] - Rank135PotsdamGermany
7.7 hours
Potsdam city point · [1] - Rank135PoznańPoland
7.7 hours
Poznań city point · [1] - Rank135The HagueNetherlands
7.7 hours
The Hague city point · [1] - Rank135UtrechtNetherlands
7.7 hours
Utrecht city point · [1] - Rank135WarsawPoland
7.7 hours
Warsaw city point · [1] - Rank144BerlinGermany
7.6 hours
Berlin city point · [1] - Rank144LimerickIreland
7.6 hours
Limerick city point · [1] - Rank146BremenGermany
7.5 hours
Bremen city point · [1] - Rank146BydgoszczPoland
7.5 hours
Bydgoszcz city point · [1] - Rank146DublinIreland
7.5 hours
Dublin city point · [1] - Rank146GalwayIreland
7.5 hours
Galway city point · [1] - Rank146GroningenNetherlands
7.5 hours
Groningen city point · [1] - Rank146HamburgGermany
7.5 hours
Hamburg city point · [1] - Rank146SzczecinPoland
7.5 hours
Szczecin city point · [1] - Rank153GdańskPoland
7.3 hours
Gdańsk city point · [1] - Rank154KaunasLithuania
7.2 hours
Kaunas city point · [1] - Rank154VilniusLithuania
7.2 hours
Vilnius city point · [1] - Rank156OdenseDenmark
7.1 hours
Odense city point · [1] - Rank157CopenhagenDenmark
7.0 hours
Copenhagen city point · [1] - Rank157KlaipėdaLithuania
7.0 hours
Klaipėda city point · [1] - Rank157MalmöSweden
7.0 hours
Malmö city point · [1] - Rank160AarhusDenmark
6.9 hours
Aarhus city point · [1] - Rank161AalborgDenmark
6.7 hours
Aalborg city point · [1] - Rank161RigaLatvia
6.7 hours
Riga city point · [1] - Rank163GothenburgSweden
6.5 hours
Gothenburg city point · [1] - Rank164TartuEstonia
6.4 hours
Tartu city point · [1] - Rank165LinköpingSweden
6.3 hours
Linköping city point · [1] - Rank166StavangerNorway
6.2 hours
Stavanger city point · [1] - Rank167StockholmSweden
6.1 hours
Stockholm city point · [1] - Rank168TallinnEstonia
6.0 hours
Tallinn city point · [1] - Rank169OsloNorway
5.9 hours
Oslo city point · [1] - Rank169UppsalaSweden
5.9 hours
Uppsala city point · [1] - Rank171HelsinkiFinland
5.8 hours
Helsinki city point · [1] - Rank172BergenNorway
5.7 hours
Bergen city point · [1] - Rank172TurkuFinland
5.7 hours
Turku city point · [1] - Rank174TampereFinland
5.3 hours
Tampere city point · [1] - Rank175JyväskyläFinland
5.0 hours
Jyväskylä city point · [1] - Rank176TrondheimNorway
4.5 hours
Trondheim city point · [1] - Rank177OuluFinland
3.6 hours
Oulu city point · [1] - Rank178TromsøNorway
0.0 hours
Tromsø city point · [1]
Each bar grows from the median towards the side its value falls on. The two halves are scaled independently, so the lowest and highest values reach their ends even when the spread is uneven: a bar's length is comparable with others on the same side of the median, not across it.
How this measure is built
- Definition
- Apparent time between sunrise and sunset on the annual shortest day, calculated from the reviewed city latitude using NOAA's documented solar geometry.
- Calculation
- NOAA apparent-sunrise hour-angle geometry at the local winter solstice, using solar zenith 90.833 degrees and declination 23.44 degrees at the reviewed city latitude; duration = 24 x hour angle / pi
- Limits
- An astronomical estimate, not observed sunshine or cloud cover. Terrain and changing atmospheric refraction can shift the sunrise and sunset a person actually sees.
- Position
- The median, the gap and the rank are arithmetic over the values in this table and can be recomputed from it. They are not a score, carry no weighting, and combine with nothing else on the site.Read the method
1 referencesEvery figure's exact source query
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory. Solar Calculation Details. Zurich city point. Retrieved 2026-08-02. Open exact source query
apparent sunrise and sunset calculation; solar declination and hour angle